Introduction to Communication Science Coursera Answer. In this post you will get Quiz Answer Of Introduction to Communication Science Coursera
Introduction to Communication Science Coursera
Offered By ”University of Amsterdam”
Week- 1
An Introduction to Communication Science
1.
Question 1
What is ‘noise’?
1 point
- Everything that can cause a disruption in the flow of communication
- The receiver’s incorrect interpretation of a sent message
- Everything that prevents communication from having an effect on the receiver
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2.
Question 2
According to Lasswell and Shannon & Weaver, what is effective communication?
1 point
- Communication is effective when a sender’s message is interpreted correctly by the receiver
- Communication is effective when the sender can send the message without any interfering noise
- Communication is effective when the receiver has a positive attitude towards this message.
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3.
Question 3
Through ..(1).. we test and improve ..(2)..
1 point
- (1) hypotheses , (2) theories
- (1) research, (2) theories
- (1) research, (2) hypotheses
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4.
Question 4
What is intrapersonal communication?
1 point
- Talking about a message with someone
- Internalizing a message
- A message that concerns a specific person
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5.
Question 5
The three approaches emphasize different aspects of communication. These are:
1 point
- Transmission of Ideas, Interpretation, restoring equilibrium
- Shaping attitudes and beliefs, revealing the context, receiver’s interpretation as intended by sender
- Transmission of messages, production and exchange of meaning, creating a social reality
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6.
Question 6
Which concept is comparable to ‘viewglasses’?
1 point
- Hypothesis
- Theories
- Paradigms
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7.
Question 7
When I’m searching for a word in the dictionary, what is the function of communication?
1 point
- Connative function
- Metalingual function
- Phatic function
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8.
Question 8
What is social constructionism?
1 point
- The act of conforming within a group, whereby we align ourselves with in-groups or ourselves against out-groups
- The human need to belong to a group, culture or society
- The idea that people construct a cultural and social reality by continually communicating values, attitudes and ideas
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9.
Question 9
When do we speak of dominant or preferred definitions of concepts?
1 point
- Definitions change over time and from context to context
- A definition is considered dominant when it’s true
- All definitions find their roots in one single definition, the dominant definition
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10.
Question 10
To which of the approaches do the following lines refer?
1. Communication can be wrong |
2. Communication is the exchange of meaning |
3. A triangular model
1 point
- 1=signification, 2=signification, 3=signification
- 1=transmission, 2=signification, 3=transmission
- 1=transmission, 2=signification, 3=signification
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11.
Question 11
Why is communication not a linear process according to Jacobson’s model?
1 point
- Every message refers to something outside of the message
- The intention of the sender does not always correspond with the receivers Interpretation
- The context and the code are important to sender and receiver, not for the message
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12.
Question 12
When we discuss ´the mass media´ in general, what do communication scientists mean?
1 point
- Television, eyes
- Voice, hands
- Computers, mobile phones, television
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13.
Question 13
The process of giving meaning to signs is called … ?
1 point
- Signification
- Polysemic interpretation
- Methodology
History of Communication Science
1.
Question 1
Which particular aspect of communication was important in Ancient Greece?
1 point
Persuading people
Informing people
Entertaining people
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2.
Question 2
Logos, Ethos and Pathos constitute three building blocks of ….?
1 point
Sending out a message
Successful communication
Trustworthiness of a speaker
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3.
Question 3
Medieval times are often called the ‘Dark ages’; How did they affect communication science?
1 point
The science had to be practised secretly
Little Communication Science was practised during that period of time
The elite misused the knowledge of communication science to keep power over the masses
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4.
Question 4
How do we know ‘communication’ was a topic of discussion in Ancient Greece?
1 point
They wrote books about the topic
Greek legends speculate about political communication in Ancient Greece
Greek mythology has many stories about political communication
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5.
Question 5
The ‘Treatise on Persuasive Theory’ written by Aristotle was inspired by …..
1 point
Both
Sophists
Dialectic method
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6.
Question 6
Why is it we know so much about Socrates and Plato?
1 point
Aristotle and Cicero referred to the writings by Plato in their books
The writings by Plato were copied by medieval monks
Renaissance scholars have found original copies of their books in old libraries
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7.
Question 7
How do Greek and Roman theories on communication relate to each other?
1 point
The Romans disapproved of Greek theories on communication
The Greeks tried to perfect on Roman theories on communication
The Romans tried to perfect Greek theories on communication
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8.
Question 8
Which of the following statements regarding the Dark Ages and the Byzantium Empire are true?
1. Classical literature was still studied in the Eastern Roman Empire of Byzantium
2. Byzantine scholars made use of the extensive libraries in Western Europe
3. The Western Roman Empire had collapsed but the Eastern Roman Empire continued in the Byzantine Empire.
1 point
Statement 1 & 3
Statement 1 & 2
Statement 2 & 3
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9.
Question 9
How do we define the Enlightened democratic ideal?
1 point
Governments are for the people and therefore should listen to the people
Mass media is a reflection of public opinion
The government is representative of all people in the society
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10.
Question 10
What did the main carriers of political mass communication in the Middle Ages communicate?
1 point
Who was in power and how to behave as a citizen
Details of political programs
News on events happening throughout the country
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11.
Question 11
How was it possible to reach a mass audience during the Dark Ages?
1 point
Through pamphlets and books
Through plays and theatre (or theatre productions)
Through Sunday mass and architecture
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12.
Question 12
Renaissance newspapers were in many ways an elite medium. The following reason is false:
1 point
The costs were high
Regular citizens were often forbidden to read newspapers
They covered mostly foreign and ‘dry’ political news
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13.
Question 13
During the nineteenth century newspapers …?
1 point
Attracted more attention
Focused more on foreign news
Became more informative
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14.
Question 14
What did Rhetorica teach?
1 point
How to argue logically
How to debate
How to persuade someone
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15.
Question 15
From which angle did Nicollo Machiavelli approached the topic of mass communication?
1 point
Political angle
Religious angle
Ethical angle
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16.
Question 16
Why did the invention of weapons like the crossbow influence the political power balance?
1 point
It was the first sufficient weapon invented by citizens unknown to the elite
Knights disdained the use of this weapon
An untrained citizen was now able to pose a threat to a well-trained knight
Week- 2
The Linear Effect-Oriented Approach
1.
Question 1
Which of the following statements about frames is true?
1 point
Frames have an effect on the amount of time people think about a particular topic
Frames have an effect on how people deconstruct a message
Frames reinforce rather than change people’s opinion about a subject
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2.
Question 2
What do we mean by ‘Cultivation Effects’?
1 point
People learn how to behave in a social setting
People tend to shift towards the dominant media viewpoints on matters after repeated long-term exposure
We learn norms and values in an informal way
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3.
Question 3
Scientific studies in the twenties and thirties…
1 point
proved the powerful effects hypothesis
proved that effects were actually very limited
failed to prove anything, since there were so many variables involved
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4.
Question 4
This statement is true:
1 point
There were many contextual factors that contributed to the panic in 1938
In real life people did not panic at all
The duration of the effect was very short-term, and therefore by the prevalent definition not a real powerful effect
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5.
Question 5
People had many reasons to question the all-powerful media paradigm. This was not one of them
1 point
Several case studies showed minimal effects of the media
Traditional research methods were outdated
Studies showed many other influential variables
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6.
Question 6
There were several reasons for a general reluctance to accept the minimal effect hypothesis. This was not one of them
1 point
People learned more about the horrors of the Second World War
The introduction of television
The clear agenda-setting effects of newspapers in presidential campaigns
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7.
Question 7
Which of the following statements is true?
1 point
The “powerful media rediscovered perspective” presumes uniform effects
The “powerful media rediscovered perspective” presumes long-term effects
The all-powerful media paradigm focuses on reinforcement rather than change
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8.
Question 8
In week 1 we discussed three approaches. This approach allows for only one valid outcome
1 point
The Linear Transmission approach
The Cultural approach
The Reception approach
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9.
Question 9
The all-powerful media paradigm supposes
1 point
Long-term effects
Cultivation effects
Passive audience
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10.
Question 10
Why was it difficult to prove the power of media in reality?
1 point
Because market researchers did not share their findings with scientists
Because too many other variables were involved
Because some scientists manipulated their research findings
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11.
Question 11
What does the ‘Inoculation Theory’ tell us?
1 point
Media influence is both a direct and an indirect process
A prepared audience is better able to block persuasive attempts
An audience is able to select their messages
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12.
Question 12
The all-powerful media paradigm considers effects on audiences to be ‘uniform’. This means that…
1 point
audience factors are relevant
Everyone in an audience reacts the same way
Individual differences are lost in large-scale quantitative surveys
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13.
Question 13
The all-powerful media paradigm supposes
1 point
Reinforcing effects
Indirect effects
immediate effects
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14.
Question 14
How can we define ‘press freedom’ as adopted in the Fourth Estate?
1 point
No restrictions, except government intervention in severe cases
Freedom from any restriction
A code for journalists to check upon one another’s work
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15.
Question 15
According to the paradigm of negotiated media effects which statement is true?
1 point
Media and communication have a potential for great power (under some circumstances)
Media and communication have powerful effects
Mass media and communication have minimal effects
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16.
Question 16
A commercial shows a famous soccer player drinking Coca Cola. After repeatedly seeing this commercial people will associate Coca Cola with a healthy appearance. This is an example of:
1 point
An Associated effect
Hypermediality
A Socialization effect
The Reception and Signification Perspective
1.
Question 1
What do the main theories on media effects have in common?
1 point
They claim that effects can never be proven
They assume that media have some kind of effect
They assume that effects are long-lasting
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2.
Question 2
This is not a peripheral cue:
1 point
Humour
Fear
Rational argument
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3.
Question 3
The form of a sign is in Saussure’s model referred to as the …
1 point
Sign
Signified
Signifier
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4.
Question 4
What is incorrect according to the Uses and Gratification Theory?
1 point
People are aware of their needs
The process of seeking out media happens subconsciously
People actively seek out media to fulfill their needs
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5.
Question 5
What is the name of a person who has the power to put things on the media agenda?
1 point
Primer
Agenda keeper
Gatekeeper
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6.
Question 6
Messages with different valid meanings are called …
1 point
Polysemic messages
Oliosemic messages
Monosemic messages
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7.
Question 7
Which of the following statements about ‘cognitive bias’ is true?
1 point
A cognitive bias is basically a limitation of balanced processing
A cognitive bias is basically a mental shortcut
Cognitive biases enable us to consciously make processing decisions
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8.
Question 8
How does the reception theory bridge the gap between the signification approach and the cultural approach?
1 point
Communication is seen as a carrier, a reflection and producer of culture
Communication is only successful when people have a shared cultural background
Cultural messages are decoded differently than other messages
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9.
Question 9
Which of the following statements is true?
1 point
The blocking, selection and amplification of information is usually a conscious process
The blocking, selection and amplification of information is usually an unnecessary process
The blocking, selection and amplification of information is usually an subconscious process
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10.
Question 10
Ana is switching channels and picks a news channel. The item is about the discovery of the atom. Ana has never been interested in chemistry. Still, she keeps watching because an attractive man is talking about this magnificent atom and how this discovery could mean a huge leap for mankind.
Will Ana process this message through the central or the peripheral route, or is it hard to tell with the information provided?
1 point
Peripheral route
It’s not possible to answer this question with the information provided
Central route
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11.
Question 11
Cognitive shortcuts might be influenced by …
1 point
Both options.
Personal background, experience, and interests
The mass media
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12.
Question 12
Sometimes a cognitive bias is viewed as a limitation. Why?
1 point
Because it can cause selective processing
Because it can lead to irrational decision-making
Because it can cause large opinion changes
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13.
Question 13
Which statement about ‘monosemic messages’ is true?
1 point
A monosemic message is an open text
A monosemic message is a painting
A monosemic message leaves little room for more than one interpretation
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14.
Question 14
Why do predispositions play a role in message deconstruction?
1 point
People tend to select messages in accord to their prior beliefs
People process information in line with prior beliefs much quicker
People block messages including negative news
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15.
Question 15
In what order did these paradigms on media effects appear in the twentieth century?
1 point
All-powerful media, minimal effects, negotiated effects
Limited effects, all-powerful media, minimal effects
Powerful media, negotiated effects, powerful media rediscovered
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16.
Question 16
What is not true about message deconstruction?
1 point
It varies from person to person
It depends on the numberof people being exposed to a message
It supposes a lot of audience activity
Week- 3
The Cultural Approach
1.
Question 1
Which statement does not fit the idea of social constructionism?
1 point
Reality is fixed and objective
Reality lives, evolves and dies with the people who construct them
Reality exists outside of social constructs
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2.
Question 2
Who sees popularity as an indicator of quality?
1 point
John Fiske
Stuart Hall
Marshall McLuhan
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3.
Question 3
Which statement does not fit the idea of Social Constructionism?
1 point
it is artificial
it is a reflection of the vulgar taste of the masses
it is produced to keep the masses from revolting
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4.
Question 4
Jake is a student. He is uncertain if the teacher expects him to give a presentation. He asks his fellow student for advice. This strategy is called ..
1 point
An interactive strategy
A passive strategy
An active strategy
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5.
Question 5
Why is a shared cultural background so important to people?
1 point
It creates a feeling of belonging
It enables us to minimize the effect of a culture shift
It allows us to block unwelcome messages
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6.
Question 6
Stuart Hall..
1 point
is a frontrunner of the Cultural Approach
is a frontrunner of both the Reception Theory and the Cultural Approach
is a frontrunner of the Reception Theory
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7.
Question 7
What affects the transmission of a message, according to Stuart Hall?
1 point
Cultural conformity
Cultural proximity
Cultural relativism
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8.
Question 8
Which statement fits the principle of ‘cultural relativism’?
1 point
Every culture believes it is the ‘correct’ culture
Many different, but equally valid cultures exist at the same time
There is one leading universal human culture besides other smaller cultures
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9.
Question 9
Following the principle of ‘cultural relativism’, why do we constantly communicate?
1 point
To adjust easily to technological reinventions
To minimize the discomfort of cultural change
To keep in touch with cultural reality
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10.
Question 10
Scholars have identified several main reasons why people fold under group pressure, for example:
1 point
People will copy group behaviour out of fear for new situations
People are afraid to isolate themselves socially
Group members often unconsciously tend to follow the peripheral route while processing information, and therefore they often agree with their peers
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11.
Question 11
What is not true about pop culture?
1 point
Pop culture is only communicated through media
Pop culture is communicated on a large scale and both through personal and mediated communication
Pop culture communicates mainstream values, ideas and truths
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12.
Question 12
According to Hofstede, culture creates a feeling of belonging or not-belonging. He refers to the fact that…
1 point
no such thing as one human culture exists
culture identifies us
culture is internalized
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13.
Question 13
We discussed three schools of thought on popular culture. Which two schools focus on power structures communicated through popular culture?
1 point
Birmingham and Frankfurter School
Frankfurter and Toronto School
Toronto and Birmingham School
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14.
Question 14
Which statement is true about the ‘Spiral of Silence’?
1 point
The Spiral of Silence applies specifically to Second World War Germany
The Spiral of Silence applies to societal level and group level
The Spiral of Silence does not apply to situations on a societal level
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15.
Question 15
Which model suits the Cultural Approach best?
1 point
Newcomb’s model
Xavier’s model
Jakobson’s model
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16.
Question 16
Berger and Calabrese identified these three communication strategies to deal with uncertainty:
1 point
Interactive strategy, active strategy, passive strategy
Observation strategy, active strategy, interactive strategy
Asking strategy, observation strategy, interaction strategy
Week- 4
Exam Part 1
1.
Question 1
This statement is false: In the Middle Ages…
1 point
Christian monks kept and copied classical texts on communication
The study of classical texts on communication was popular among the nobility
Eastern scholars kept and copied classical texts on communication
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2.
Question 2
Which answer is the correct representation of Shannon and Weaver’s transmission model of 1949:
1 point
Who, says What, in which Channel, to Whom, and with what Effect
A message goes – through a channel – from sender to receiver where it creates an effect. This transmission can be disrupted by noise.
Some kinds of communication, on some kinds of issues, brought to the attention of some kinds of people, under some kinds of conditions, have some kinds of effects
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3.
Question 3
In this course we used this dominant definition of ‘information’
1 point
meaningful messages, including thoughts, ideas and emotion
everything that means something for the sender
everything that means something for the receiver
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4.
Question 4
July conducts an experiment. She pushes a button. She expects this will turn on the light in the other room. Pushing the button is ….
1 point
the dependent variable
the codependent variable
the independent variable
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5.
Question 5
Communication scientists regard each carrier of communication as …..
1 point
a text
signifier
language
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6.
Question 6
In Classical Europe…
1 point
more people were able to read and write than in Medieval Europe
communication science was merely a theoretical science
the Romans disdained Greek theories on communication
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7.
Question 7
In this course we used this dominant definition of ‘communication’
1 point
each act of transmitting information
conscious transmitting of information
voluntary transmitting of information
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8.
Question 8
This theoretical approach sees communication mainly as a means to reach the truth
1 point
the dialectical school
the sophist school
rhetorica
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9.
Question 9
Which answer is the correct representation of Laswell’s linear transmission model of 1948:
1 point
Who, says What, in which Channel, to Whom, and with what Effect
Some kinds of communication, on some kinds of issues, brought to the attention of some kinds of people, under some kinds of conditions, have some kinds of effects
A message goes – through a channel – from sender to receiver where it creates an effect. This transmission can be disrupted by noise
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10.
Question 10
Jake is thinking about what his brother said earlier today. This is ….. communication
1 point
intrapersonal
linear
interpersonal
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11.
Question 11
The Pyramid of Communication is a model that visualizes
1 point
how audiences of different sizes are formed
different levels of communication in society
how communication influences our daily lives
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12.
Question 12
Tom is a car salesman. He tries to increase his sales by buying a new suit and practicing his charming smile. He tries to convince his customers by showing them how trustworthy and friendly he is. He now focuses on this part of the message…
1 point
ethos
pathos
logos
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13.
Question 13
Which of the following statements is false?
1 point
Gutenberg introduced the moveable type, the cliché, in the printing process
Gutenberg revolutionized the printing industry
Gutenberg invented the printing press
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14.
Question 14
In this course we used this dominant definition of ‘media’
1 point
media are the channels that we use to communicate
media are a tool of governments to inform and influence the masses
the media form a political institute that acts as a check on government power
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15.
Question 15
I am writing a birthday card for my friend. This communicative act has, according to Jacobson
1 point
a conative function
a poetic function
an emotive function
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16.
Question 16
The first books about the science of communication (that survived in copied form) were written in the
1 point
fifth century B.C
sixth century B.C.
fourth century B.C.
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17.
Question 17
A …. message has only one correct interpretation
1 point
monosemic
polysemic
unisemic
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18.
Question 18
Social scientists often refer to humans as ‘social animals’ because
1 point
when we are part of a group, civilization quickly vanishes and people act like animals
we are constantly engaged in group dynamics because of our need to connect to others
people make social decisions based on what’s best for their own security and well-being
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19.
Question 19
In Aristotle’s model of communication: the first stage of communication, when the topic is determined, is called the
1 point
sender stage
invention stage
ethos stage
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20.
Question 20
Which of the following statements is false?
1 point
the process of giving meaning to a sign is called signification
The science of signs was born in the nineteen sixties
The specific form of a sign is called the signifier
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21.
Question 21
A … is a word or set of words that represent an idea
1 point
concept
model
theory
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22.
Question 22
Which of the following statements is true?
1 point
Sophists bridged the gap between rhetorical and dialectical theory
Plato wrote one of the first surviving new media criticisms
Aristotle opposed rhetorical theory
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23.
Question 23
The Newcomb model has three elements. A, B and X. This statement is false
1 point
X is never a third person
if one of these factors changes, this changes the relationship between the three
the main purpose of communication is to help us create a social balance
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24.
Question 24
Which of the following statements is false?
1 point
The study of signs and signification is called semiology
The specific form our communication takes is called, in the Jacobson model, a sign
The study of communication systems is called semiotics
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25.
Question 25
Kim calls her boyfriend each night. Usually they just make small talk before they hang up. This communication has – according to Jacobson – a
1 point
metalingual function
phatic function
referential function
Exam Part 2
1.
Question 1
Hypermediality is
1 point
when people make statements about the media
when people reference media content
when people read media content in different levels
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2.
Question 2
This statement is false. An important part of the social responsibility model is
1 point
that there is room for government interference
that the media should govern themselves
that media play such an important role in society, ownership has to be in hand of the people
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3.
Question 3
After reading many comic books, Jacob has adopted the moral views of ‘his’ superheroes. He believes that the strong should protect the weak and evil should always be fought. This example fits the theory of
1 point
Social Learning
Agenda-Setting
Socialization
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4.
Question 4
Many factors contributed to the rebirth of our scientific discipline in the late Middle Ages. This is not one of them
1 point
the fall of Constantinople, the capital of Byzantium
the Black Plague
the rediscovery of Aristotle’s and Cicero’s texts
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5.
Question 5
There are two important reasons for the rediscovery of the all-powerful media paradigm. This is not one of them
1 point
scientific research in the nineteen forties debunked the minimal effect hypothesis
the rise of television
the many presumed effects of propaganda during the Second World War
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6.
Question 6
Which of the following statements is false? The media as a Fourth Estate
1 point
function as a check on government power
was a term coined by Oscar Wilde
function as a communicative link between government and people
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7.
Question 7
Machiavelli was one of the first ‘new’ scientists to discuss communication. He approached the topic from
1 point
a human interest angle
from an ethical angle
a political power angle
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8.
Question 8
Which of the following statements is false? The Fourth Estate ideal
1 point
required a free press
was a short-lived trend in the nineteenth century
was adopted by many countries in the 19th century
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9.
Question 9
According to the dominant definition
1 point
education is considered propaganda
propaganda is a systematic and deliberate manipulation of the masses
propaganda is fundamentally immoral
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10.
Question 10
The classic example of the 1938 World of the Worlds radio show is used by scholars of …. to strengthen their argument
1 point
the all-powerful media approach
both the all-powerful media and the powerful media put to the test approaches
the powerful media put to the test approach
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11.
Question 11
The social responsibility model
1 point
was a short-lived trend in the nineteen fifties
was introduced by the Commission on Freedom of the Press (1947)
radically opposed the Fourth Estate ideal
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12.
Question 12
This is not part of the all-powerful media paradigm
1 point
immediate effects
uniform effects
enduring effects
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13.
Question 13
At the beginning of the twentieth century
1 point
readership of newspapers started to dwindle
freedom of the press was explicitly guaranteed in most constitutions
communication science was a full-fledged scientific discipline
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14.
Question 14
The powerful media rediscovered paradigm included
1 point
a belief in immediate and direct effects
a belief in uniform and indirect effects
a belief in personal and indirect effects
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15.
Question 15
The two step flow theory
1 point
predicts that people are influenced only by repeated exposure to media messages
predicts that people are influenced by opinion leaders
predicts that people after their second exposure to a persuasive attempt become more resistant to influence
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16.
Question 16
This statement is false. The first newspapers were introduced in the sixteenth century. They
1 point
contained mostly foreign news
immediately had a universal appeal
were a medium for the elite
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17.
Question 17
Which of the following statements is false? Press barons, like the influential Pulitzer and Stead
1 point
emphasized fairness and truthfulness in reporting before all else
introduced new genres and topics in the newspaper
attracted new audience groups
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18.
Question 18
This statement is false. The Second World War
1 point
showed that the media had failed it’s function as a Fourth Estate
fuelled the belief in powerful effects of the media
caused scientists to doubt the powerful effects hypothesis
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19.
Question 19
After World War I
1 point
the Fourth Estate Model was discarded
scholars started to question the power of mediated communication
scholars noted the correlation between huge propaganda efforts and great presumed effects
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20.
Question 20
The political party press explains the news from the perspective of one political ideology and is critical of other views. This metaphor is often used to describe them:
1 point
screen
signpost
opium for the people
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21.
Question 21
The nineteenth century media landscape saw
1 point
the rise of the popular newspaper
a decline in the readership of books
the rise of radio as a mass medium
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22.
Question 22
The dominant form of media governance includes a professional code of ethics
1 point
upheld by the law
upheld by an international court
upheld by a committee of media or professionals
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23.
Question 23
The primary print mass medium for opinion and news during the Renaissance and Enlightenment was
1 point
the pamphlet
the newspaper
the letter
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24.
Question 24
An important element in the minimal effects hypothesis is
1 point
that audience members use media to prove their allegiance to a group
that in real life, people behave very differently than in an experiment
that in real life there are too many variables to contribute persuasion to merely media exposure
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25.
Question 25
Someone chokes on a chicken bone. Shirley successfully performs a Heimlich maneuver she learnt yesterday on an episode of ER. This example fits the theory of
1 point
Social Learning
Socialization
Cultivation
Exam Part 3
1.
Question 1
The … paradigm balances a belief in powerful effects with the notion of an active audience
1 point
minimal effects
balanced effects
negotiated effects
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2.
Question 2
Jim writes a column. Ollie completely agrees with Jim’s views. This is according to Reception Theory a …
1 point
monosemic reading
closed reading
preferred reading
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3.
Question 3
In an experiment supporters of two political parties were asked to watch journalists interview the main candidates of these parties. Both groups were convinced that journalist were more critical of ‘their’ candidate. This finding is explained by
1 point
the Spiral of Silence
the Hostile Media Effect
Framing
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4.
Question 4
Bob wants to learn more about communication. He has already completed a university degree in a different field. Elly wants to persuade him to study Communication Science in Amsterdam. The ELM suggests Elly should try to convince him with
1 point
photos of students having a good time in Amsterdam
factual brochures and websites
jokes about Amsterdam and its university
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5.
Question 5
The theory of Social Constructionism
1 point
distinguishes between real reality and constructed reality
completely challenges the idea that reality is fixed
explains how people fool themselves with a fake reality in order to cope with the world
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6.
Question 6
People are aware of their media-related needs. This statement fits
1 point
Uses and Gratification Theory
Rational Choice Theory
Agenda-Setting Theory
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7.
Question 7
At the core of Stuart Hall’s encoding/decoding model is the idea that people who are culturally closer to each other
1 point
will like each other better
are more likely to agree on the meaning of a message
have a shared social context
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8.
Question 8
This metaphor fits the Frankfurter School’s approach to pop culture
1 point
platform
opium for the people
watchdog
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9.
Question 9
Audience members actively choose to be part of an audience. This statement fits
1 point
Agenda-Setting Theory
Uses and Gratification Theory
Rational Choice Theory
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10.
Question 10
Each turning point in the history of our media was caused by technical innovation, according to
1 point
Hall
Fiske
McLuhan
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11.
Question 11
Gatekeeping is connected to the role of the media as a
1 point
screen
filter
watchdog
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12.
Question 12
Harry believes he is a handsome man. Shirley tells him he is ugly. The Theory of Cognitive Dissonance predicts several possible reactions. This is not one of them
1 point
Harry tells Shirley she herself is ugly
Harry changes his mind about his looks
Harry thinks Shirley is jealous of his good looks
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13.
Question 13
Global Warming receives a lot of media attention. During next year’s election, when people have to decide who to vote for, they will probably ask themselves what candidate X or Y’s views on Global Warming are. This statement fits
1 point
priming
the ELM
framing
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14.
Question 14
One of the following statements is false. The principle of cultural relativism
1 point
is the idea that in the end, cultures are not really that different from each other
contains the notion that there are many cultures at one time
contains the notion that cultures change all the time
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15.
Question 15
On a Thursday in country X, 7 million free newspapers are printed each day. They are distributed to 6 million travelers in subway, bus, and train stations. Many people take this newspaper to work or their homes so in total 10 million people read (a part) of this newspaper. According to the dominant definition, the reach of this newspaper is
1 point
10 million
7 million
6 million
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16.
Question 16
One of the following statements is false. The study of culture
1 point
excludes the study of art and literature
includes that study of how people construct reality
includes the study of what separates people
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17.
Question 17
One of the following statements is false according to the Birmingham School of Cultural Studies. Popular songs, movies and books
1 point
are a reflection of popular tastes
create a fake consciousness to keep the masses from rising up
implicitly communicate mainstream values, ideas and truths
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18.
Question 18
The traditional audience paradigm
1 point
emphasizes group dynamics
focuses on personal traits of audience members
sees the audience as passive and uniform
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19.
Question 19
The magic bullet metaphor
1 point
sees the audience as more powerful than the hypodermic needle metaphor
sees the audience as less powerful than the hypodermic needle metaphor
is interchangeable with the hypodermic needle metaphor
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20.
Question 20
A monosemic message is a … text
1 point
open
closed
fixed
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21.
Question 21
Signs are…
1 point
everything that can be interpreted as having meaning
everything that is meant to have meaning
non-verbal ‘texts’
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22.
Question 22
In the Elaboration Likelihood Model humor fits the … route of persuasion
1 point
peripheral
subliminal
central
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23.
Question 23
Jude is complimenting her daughter. She gently pats her on the head. This gesture is, according to the Jacobson model,
1 point
a code
non-verbal language
a direct cue
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24.
Question 24
De Saussure explained that a … is made up of a … (its physical form) and a the concept it represents (…).
1 point
signifier, sign, signified
signified, signifier, sign
sign, signifier, signified
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25.
Question 25
There are two levels of signification. Bill sees a picture of a cow. This makes him think back of his childhood when he grew up on a farm. This process of giving meaning is called
1 point
sensemaking
connotation
denotation
Exam Part 4
1.
Question 1
A literature study
1 point
is considered primary research
can be primary and secondary research
is considered secondary research
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2.
Question 2
Which of the following statements is false? According to the Spiral of Silence theory
1 point
people are afraid of social isolation
people are very good in monitoring public opinion
if no one talks about a topic, it will receive little to no media attention
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3.
Question 3
Which of the following statements is false?
1 point
research has disproven the hypothesis that cultural globalization is dominated by Anglo-American culture
the globalization trend has increased in recent years
wars are seen as one of the driving forces behind globalization
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4.
Question 4
Which of the following statements is false?
1 point
globalization has been, to some degree, present in several stages in history
globalization is unique to our modern digital information age
a shared history due to colonization and imperialism is seen as one of the driving forces behind globalization
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5.
Question 5
When someone adopts dominant group views and behavior, this is called
1 point
group pressure
groupthink
conformity
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6.
Question 6
The media tell us what to think about (not what to think). This statement fits
1 point
Agenda-Setting Theory
Hypodermic Needle Theory
Theory of New Tribalism
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7.
Question 7
Which of the following statements is false? ‘New tribes’
1 point
are typically somewhat alienated from society
often have their own channels and/or cultural content
are usually local in nature
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8.
Question 8
According to the dominant definition, we speak of globalization of content when
1 point
content is received by an international audience
content is consistent with a global culture
content is produced for and received by an international audience
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9.
Question 9
Some scholars see a trend called ‘New Tribalism’. An important element in this trend is
1 point
weakening of group commitment
a decline in the rate of globalization
strong group cultures
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10.
Question 10
Conducting an experiment
1 point
can be primary and secondary research
is secondary research
is primary research
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11.
Question 11
Usually, in a larger research design … leads to several … which can be proven or disproven through….
1 point
secondary research, metaphors, primary research
primary research, hypotheses, secondary research
desk research, hypotheses, primary research
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12.
Question 12
People
1 point
aspire to belong to so-called out-groups
feel connected with a group
are only part of one culture at a time
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13.
Question 13
The main difference between the popular mirror and window metaphors is
1 point
that mirror contains the idea that the image of reality is biased and incomplete
a mirror shows your reflection while a window shows something outside of yourself
that window opens up new avenues for thought while a mirror lets you reflect on them
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14.
Question 14
When group members believe that journalists are biased against their side, this typically fits the …
1 point
Agenda-Setting Theory
Theory of New Tribalism
Hostile Media Effect
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15.
Question 15
Which of the following statements is false? Metaphors
1 point
have a high level of denotation
have a high level of connotation
contain a wealth of information
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16.
Question 16
Central to the views of … is the idea that when I cite a poem, the effect will be very different if I do so on paper, on a website or in sign language.
1 point
The Frankfurter School
The Toronto School
The Birmingham School
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17.
Question 17
The Toronto School of Cultural Studies sees technical innovation as a (use the correct metaphor)
1 point
motor of societal change
a chaos factor in society
a variable that causes cultural renewal
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18.
Question 18
The Global Village metaphor contains the idea that globalization
1 point
will result in greater understanding in the world
will cause cultural wars between the different ‘villages’
will cause more cultural misunderstanding
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19.
Question 19
Clarice has just started a class on communication. She is unsure if she can ask questions during the lecture. She follows an interactive uncertainty reduction strategy and
1 point
goes online on her laptop and posts this question on a student forum
raises her hand and asks the lecturer if this is allowed
asks a student next to her if this is allowed
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20.
Question 20
His car contains so much stuff, it looks like a driving flea-market. This is a
1 point
proverb
metaphor
simile
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21.
Question 21
Even when tanks were rolling in to the capital, some media still pretend the war was far from the city. These media act as a
1 point
screen
signpost
market place of ideas
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22.
Question 22
McLuhan argues that
1 point
each new medium takes over the form, style and function of older media
theories on New Media should not only apply to modern, but also to historical examples of new media
the rise of digital media is a completely new phenomenon in the media landscape and therefore requires completely new theories
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23.
Question 23
These metaphors are not interchangeable
1 point
tainted mirror/broken mirror
platform/forum
lapdog/sheepdog
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24.
Question 24
In this course, we distinguished three approaches to communication: the linear, reception/signification, and cultural approach. This distinction
1 point
has been in use since the beginning of the twentieth century
is by no means fixed or universally agreed upon by scholars
is fixed in the sense that theories clearly belong to this or that approach
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25.
Question 25
A replication study
1 point
is mainly a tool for students to hone their research skills
is a study that was conducted unnecessarily because it repeats an existing study
is an important check on the reliability of existing studies